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Kewaunee County, Wisconsin

Coordinates: 44°35′N 87°26′W / 44.59°N 87.44°W / 44.59; -87.44
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Kewaunee County
County
Kewaunee County Courthouse
Kewaunee County Courthouse
Map of Wisconsin highlighting Kewaunee County
Location within the U.S. state of Wisconsin
Map of the United States highlighting Wisconsin
Wisconsin's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 44°35′N 87°26′W / 44.59°N 87.44°W / 44.59; -87.44
Country United States
State Wisconsin
Founded1859
SeatKewaunee
Largest cityAlgoma
Area
 • Total1,084 sq mi (2,810 km2)
 • Land343 sq mi (890 km2)
 • Water742 sq mi (1,920 km2)  68%
Population
 (2020)[1]
 • Total20,563
 • Estimate 
(2023)
20,690 Increase
 • Density60.0/sq mi (23.2/km2)
Time zoneUTC−6 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
Congressional district8th
Websitewww.kewauneeco.org

Kewaunee County is a county located in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 20,563.[2] Its county seat is Kewaunee.[3] The county was created in 1852 and organized in 1859.[4] Its Menominee name is Kewāneh, an archaic name for a species of duck.[5] Kewaunee County is part of the Green Bay, WI Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the Green Bay-Shawano, WI Combined Statistical Area.

Fishing and boating

[edit]

In 2018, Kewaunee County ranked first in the state in the Chinook salmon harvest, with 26,557 fish caught, with nearby Door County ranking second at 14,268 fish caught.[6] Chinook salmon are sought after by tourists enjoying chartered fishing trips.[7]

The state record rainbow trout was set in 1997 at 27 pounds, 2 ounces and 42.5 inches long. It came from the Kewaunee County portion of Lake Michigan. In 1999 the state record pink salmon was also caught in Lake Michigan out of Kewaunee County waters. It was 6 pounds, 1.9 ounces and was 24.0 inches long. In 2005, the state record white perch was taken out of the Kewaunee County portion of Green Bay. It weighed 1 pound, 5.4 ounces and was 13.5 inches long.[8]

Beginning in 1964, first coho and then chinook salmon were stocked in Lake Michigan.[9] New salmon and trout fingerling stocking in the spring and egg and milt collection from late September to early November takes place at the C.D. "Buzz" Besadny Anadromous Fish Facility. The facility is a public attraction.

In recent years there has been concern that the alewife population will not support the salmon population,[10] especially as the Chinook population has already collapsed in Lake Huron.[11] A 2016 survey of Wisconsin anglers found they would on average pay $140 for a trip to catch Chinook salmon, $90 for lake trout, and $180 for walleye.[12] Should the Chinook salmon fishery be replaced with a native lake trout fishery, the economic value would decrease by 80%.[13]

A 1995 study found the greatest abundance of spawning lake trout in Lake Michigan was on the Clay Banks Reef off of Door and Kewaunee counties.[14]

The sucker run, which was a popular fishing event in the 19th century,[15] occurs in March and April.[16] Suckers may be taken by frame dip nets,[17] and the sucker run is also sought out as viewing opportunity.[18] The smelt run also attracts fishermen.[19]

The state recognizes 11 public boat access sites.[20] There are 14 inland lakes or ponds in Kewaunee County. In 2012, there were 2,252 registered boats in the county.[21] Algoma Light and Kewaunee Pierhead Light are active navigational aids for boaters. The Daniel Lyons shipwreck near Algoma is used as a dive site, but the America near Carlton is less visited by divers due to its remote location.[22] There are 24 other known shipwrecks in county waters.[23] The Tug Ludington in Kewaunee is operated as a museum boat.

Parks and other lands open to the public

[edit]

The county operates eight parks. The Dana Farm (childhood home of Ransom Asa Moore) was relocated to the Winter Park. Along with the Bruemmer Park and Zoo, it is located near the state-owned C.D. Buzz Besadny Fish Hatchery.[24] Two other state-owned parks are Mashek Creek Public Access[25] and the Brusky Wildlife Area.[26] There are also 27 municipal parks operated by the cities of Algoma, Kewaunee, and the Village of Luxembourg.[27]

There are four public beaches in the county, three of which are routinely monitored for water quality advisories.[28] The county[29] and the city of Algoma[30] each operate one beach. Kewaunee operates two beaches,[31] There are boardwalks along the beach in Algoma and the Kewaunee Marshland Walk. Altogether there are ten public access sites to Lake Michigan and Green Bay in the county.[32]

Limestone kiln remnants of historical interest are open to the public at the Bruemmer Park and Zoo. Although lime is not presently produced in Kewaunee County, as of 2016, there were 9 active gravel pits producing sand and gravel for roadwork and construction use.[33]

279.54 acres (113.13 hectares) of privately owned land is open to the public for hunting, fishing, hiking, sight-seeing and cross-country skiing under the Managed Forest Program.[34]

Species lists and coastal wetlands

[edit]

The four state recognized coastal wetlands in the county are the Kewaunee River Wetland Complex, the Black Ash Swamp Area, the Ahnapee River Wetlands, and the Duvall Swamp.[35] A 1980 inventory of natural areas recognized Duvall Swamp, Alaska Bog, Krok Woods, Kewaunee River Marshes, Cosco Tamarack Woods, Broemmer Creek Headwaters, Alaska Lake, Three Mile Creek Tag Alder, Silver Lake, Krohn's Lake, and the Ahnapee River Swamps.[36] Historically, hypnum peat was produced in the county.[37][38]

Plants

[edit]

In 2016, 586 plant species were listed in a checklist for the county that excluded mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.[39] In 2020, 33 species of mosses, liverworts, and hornworts[40] and 125 species of macrofungi (including lichens) were listed for the county.[41] In 1999, 8 aquatic species were found in East Alaska Lake.[42]

Snails

[edit]

From 1996 to 2001, researchers listed 48 species of snails in Kewaunee County, ranking eighth out of the 22 counties in the study. Nearby Door and Brown counties ranked first and second with 69 and 62 species respectively. However, they only sampled 13 areas in Kewaunee County, compared to 74 areas in Door and 28 areas in Brown. Slugs were found in all three counties.[43]

Birds

[edit]

As of 2020, 103 species of birds have been confirmed to breed in Kewaunee County.[44]

In 1911, passenger pigeons were seen in the Black Ash Swamp. This was one of the last reported sightings in the state.[45]

Cattle and deer

[edit]

In 2018 statistics, a county total of 3,527 deer were killed as a total of all deer hunting seasons, down from the total harvest of 3,787 deer for 2017 statistics.[46] In 2017, Kewaunee and Door counties were reported to have equal deer-to-human ratios. Kewaunee County had the third highest cow-to-human ratio in the state, with only Lafayette and Buffalo counties having higher ratios.[47] In 2018, there were an estimated 97,000 head of cattle in the county, more than Door County which had 23,500 head of cattle.[48]

Foods, agritourism, and alcohol

[edit]

Kewaunee County is known for its kolache.[49] Another distinctive local food is booyah.[50][51] The cooking of booyah is not exclusive to Belgians, but has also been adopted by some Czechs.[52] Cornish apple elderberry dumplings are another local dish.[53]

In 2017, six operations tapped 1,840 trees to produce maple syrup, down from 3,024 trees tapped by three operations in 1997.[54]

U-pick strawberries, apples, and pumpkins are grown.[55]

There are also two Christmas tree operations.[55] In 2017, 4,084 Christmas trees were cut, down from 4,462 in 2012.[56]

In 2014–15, there were 96 liquor licenses in the county.[57] The first modern winery in the state opened in Algoma in 1967.[58] The area was recognized as part of a larger federally designated wine grape-growing region in 2012. In 2017, there were 28 acres of vineyards, down from 34 in 2012.[59]

Arts

[edit]

Tourism supports an arts community, including papermaking,[60] sculpture,[61] and painting.[62]

Crops

[edit]

The most important field crops by acres harvested in 2017 were hay and haylage at 48,887 acres, corn (silage) at 37,042 acres, corn (grain) at 22,846 acres, soybeans at 15,000 acres, wheat at 9,975 acres, oats at 2,834 acres, and barley at 146 acres.[63]

Both sale prices and rental values of agricultural land are higher than the average for Wisconsin counties.[64] The most common USDA soil association in the county is the Hortonville[a]–Symco[b] association. About 51 percent of soils in this association are Hortonville and 16 percent are Symco. The remaining 33% in the association are minor soils such as Carbondale,[c] Pella,[d] and Kolberg.[e] Altogether, about 34.8% of the county has Hortonville-Symco association soils.[65] In a forested environment, Hortonville and Symco soils have an average of 7.6% and 13.2% organic matter, respectably. However, as cropland they only have tested from 2% to 3% organic matter.[66]

Geography

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According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,084 square miles (2,810 km2), of which 343 square miles (890 km2) is land and 742 square miles (1,920 km2) (68%) is water.[67] The northern part of the county is on the Door Peninsula between Green Bay and Lake Michigan. The northern part of the Kettle Moraine extends into Kewaunee County. There are three named peaks in the county.[68] The USGS monitors one well in the county on an hourly basis. It also takes hourly pictures of the field in front of the well.[69] It usually takes four to five hours for the groundwater level to rise after a big rain.[70]

Adjacent counties

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Transportation

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Major highways

[edit]

Rustic road and quilt trail

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Railroads

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Buses

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Non-motorized

[edit]
  • The Ahnapee State Trail connects Kewaunee to Sturgeon Bay. The Ice Age Trail coincides with the Kewaunee County portion of the Ahnapee State Trail, and also extends further south along the East Twin River Segment.[73] Winter snowmobile access to trails[74] is dependent on weather and trail grooming.[75]
  • WIS 42 and 57 are part of the Lake Michigan Circle Tour.[76]
  • Riverview ATV Park includes mountain bike trails that are off limits to ATVs. It is open from May to November.[77]

Airport

[edit]

National marine sanctuary

[edit]

The Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary was established in 2021 in the waters of Lake Michigan, with its extreme northern portion lying off the southeast corner of Kewaunee County′s coast. The national marine sanctuary is the site of a large number of historically significant shipwrecks.[80][81][82]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18605,530—
187010,12883.1%
188015,80756.1%
189016,1532.2%
190017,2126.6%
191016,784−2.5%
192016,091−4.1%
193016,037−0.3%
194016,6804.0%
195017,3664.1%
196018,2825.3%
197018,9613.7%
198019,5393.0%
199018,878−3.4%
200020,1876.9%
201020,5741.9%
202020,563−0.1%
U.S. Decennial Census[83]
1790–1960[84] 1900–1990[85]
1990–2000[86] 2010–2020[2]

2020 census

[edit]

As of the census of 2020,[1] the population was 20,563. The population density was 60.0 people per square mile (23.2 people/km2). There were 9,267 housing units at an average density of 27.1 units per square mile (10.5 units/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 93.1% White, 0.4% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.3% Black or African American, 2.4% from other races, and 3.5% from two or more races. Ethnically, the population was 4.1% Hispanic or Latino of any race.

2000 census

[edit]
2000 Census Age Pyramid for Kewaunee County

As of the census[87] of 2000, there were 20,187 people, 7,623 households, and 5,549 families residing in the county. The population density was 59 people per square mile (23 people/km2). There were 8,221 housing units at an average density of 24 per square mile (9.3/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 98.56% White, 0.15% Black or African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.30% from other races, and 0.57% from two or more races. 0.76% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 36.4% were of German, 23.8% Belgian, 9.7% Czech, 6.3% Polish and 5.1% American ancestry.

There were 7,623 households, out of which 33.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.40% were married couples living together, 6.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.20% were non-families. 23.50% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.10.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 25.80% under the age of 18, 8.00% from 18 to 24, 28.20% from 25 to 44, 22.80% from 45 to 64, and 15.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.80 males.

Population dynamics

[edit]

Between April 2010 and January 2019, there were an estimated 1,745 births and 1,605 deaths in the county. The greater number of births served to increase the population by an estimated 140 people. In addition, there were an estimated 68 more people who moved in than left. Combined, this positive net migration along with the natural increase raised the county population by an estimated 208 persons during this period.[88] In 2013, a researcher predicted that in 2030 the county's population would peak then start to decline.[89]

In 2017, there were 199 births, giving a general fertility rate of 61.8 births per 1000 women aged 15–44, the 33rd lowest rate out of all 72 Wisconsin counties.[90] Additionally, there were 10 reported induced abortions performed on women of Kewaunee County residence in 2017.[91]

Marriages

[edit]

Five-year ACS data from 2012 to 2016 show that an estimated 5.2% of women aged 45–54 in the county had never been married, tying with 19 other counties in having the 697th lowest percentage of never-married women in this age bracket out of 3,130 U.S. counties reporting data. The ACS estimate also found that 76.3% of women aged 35–44 were married, tying with five other counties in having the 360th highest number of married women in this age bracket out of 3,136 counties reporting data, and that the county was tied with seven other counties in having the 552th lowest percentage of births to unmarried women out of 3,021 counties reporting data. 22.8% of births were to unmarried women.[92]

In 2015, the county tied with Sawyer County in having the 13th fewest marriages in the state. It tied with Marquette County in having the 23rd fewest divorces out of all 72 Wisconsin counties. May and October tied as the months with the most weddings, with 21 each.[93] In 2016 the county was the 19th-least populous in the state.[94]

Religion

[edit]

In 2010 statistics, the largest religious group in Kewaunee County was the Catholics, with 10,606 adherents worshipping at St. Lawrence Catholic Church in Stangelville and six other parishes, followed by 1,622 WELS Lutherans with three congregations, 1,356 LCMS Lutherans with three congregations, 318 ELCA Lutherans with one congregation, 163 NACCC Congregationalists with one congregation, 155 United Methodists with two congregations, 119 non-denominational Christians with two congregations, 90 Converge Baptists with one congregation, 70 AoG Pentecostals with one congregation, and 27 EC-USA Episcopalians at St Agnes-by-the-Lake in Algoma. Altogether, 70.6% of the population was counted as adherents of a religious congregation.[95] In 2014, Kewaunee County had 15 religious organizations in the county.[96]

Public health

[edit]

According to calculations based on 2010–2014 data, children born in Kewaunee County have a life expectancy of 82.0 years, the highest out of all 72 Wisconsin counties.[97] From 2000 to 2010, the county premature death rate of persons younger than 75 years old fell 38.3%, the greatest reduction out of all Wisconsin counties.[98] In 2015, 89.1% of babies born in the county had a normal birth weight, compared to 92.6% for the state. The substance abuse and preventable hospitalization rates for the county were lower than for the state as a whole.[99] Five-year ACS estimates for 2012-2016 found that Kewaunee County tied with 23 other counties in having the 675th lowest percentage of disabled residents under 65 years old out of all 3,145 US counties. 9.7% were disabled.[92]

A CDC survey of people reporting frequent mental distress (14-30 mentally unhealthy days in the last 30 days, data aggregated over 2003–2009) found that people in Kewaunee County were more likely to be distressed than those in most Wisconsin counties, but less likely to be distressed than those in the heavily urbanized southeast portion of the state.[100]

From 2014 through 2017 reported cases of Lyme disease increased from 0 cases in 2014 to 5 cases in 2017.[101]

In a study of car accident data from 1992 to 2001, the risk of incurring a severe traffic injury during a stretch of driving was found to be higher in Kewaunee County than in Door County, but Kewaunee County had fewer fatalities per 100 people severely injured than Door County. This was thought to be due to the shorter distance it took to get people injured in Kewaunee County to treatment, as the nearest hospital with a high level of trauma certification was St. Vincent Hospital in Green Bay.[102]

Pollution

[edit]

PCBs from Green Bay have been deposited into the county as windborn dust[103] and off of contaminated waters.[104]

The only superfund site in the county is the former Algoma Municipal Landfill.[105]

As of 2020, the state listed the following waters in Kewaunee County as being impaired by pollution: Ahnapee River, Black Creek, Casco Creek, East Alaska Lake, East Twin River, Green Bay, Jambo Creek, Kewaunee River, Krok Creek,[106] Lake Michigan, Neshota River, Red River, School Creek, Silver Creek, and Stony Creek. Concerns varied from waterway to waterway, but included E. coli, mercury, PCBs, phosphorus, sediment levels, and high levels of suspended solids.[107]

Between 2010 and 2018, there were 76 state-documented manure spills in the county.[108] The likelihood of well water contamination differs depending on which area of the county the well is located, as some areas have thicker layers of soil than others.[109] An electronic map marks the locations of every septic system and drain field, along with situations more liable to spread fecal contamination, such as areas with a shallow water table, high permeability, or likely to have karst features.[110] A different electronic map shows the locations of private wells polluted with nitrates and other contaminants down to the section level.[111] Another factor is tile drainage, as relatively high amounts of phosphorus were documented from water coming from two tiled sites located on a Kewaunee County farm between 2005 and 2009. The quick drainage reduces the filtration of nutrients out of the water and into the soil.[112] The distribution of bacterial contamination in private wells has been mapped.[113] Some bacteria found in surface water have genes for antibiotic resistance. This is thought to be due to the bovine use of antibiotics.[114]

Radio stations

[edit]
  • WBDK (96.7 FM, Algoma)
  • WRLU (FM 104.1, Algoma)
  • WEZY (92.7 FM, Kewaunee)
Townships of Kewaunee County

Communities

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Cities

[edit]

Villages

[edit]

Towns

[edit]

Census-designated places

[edit]

Unincorporated communities

[edit]

Former communities

[edit]

History

[edit]
Further information: Algoma, Wisconsin § History; Algoma School District § History; Ahnapee, Wisconsin § History; National Register of Historic Places listings in Kewaunee County, Wisconsin; and List of historical markers in Kewaunee County, Wisconsin

In 1795, Jacques Vieau established a short-lived trading post in Kewaunee.[115]

In 1854, the first Czechs arrived, coming north from Milwaukee.[116]

19th-century Algoma (at the time called Ahnapee) was host to a longstanding inter-ethnic economic struggle over pier pricing and access.[117]

In 1887, an octahedrite meteorite weighing nearly nine pounds was plowed up four miles west of Algoma.[118] It is displayed at the Geology Museum at UW–Madison.[119]

Kewaunee and Casco Junction were connected to Green Bay in 1891 by the Kewaunee, Green Bay and Western Railroad. It later became part of the Green Bay and Western Railroad. The western portion of this line provides freight service to Luxembourg to the present day, but not further east.

The first leg of the Ahnapee and Western Railway was built in 1892.[120]

The first Belgian Kermiss harvest festival in the nation is thought have taken place in the county.[121]

[edit]
  • Welcome sign on WIS 54, farm in the background
    Welcome sign on WIS 54, farm in the background
  • Kewaunee County sign on Highway 42, at the border with Manitowoc County
    Kewaunee County sign on Highway 42, at the border with Manitowoc County
  • Kewaunee County fairgrounds
    Kewaunee County fairgrounds
  • Ahnapee and Western Time Table, 1892
    Ahnapee and Western Time Table, 1892

Politics

[edit]

From 1952 to 2008, Kewaunee County backed the nationwide winner in every election with the exception of 1988. The county began to shift away from its bellwether status in 2012, when Republican challenger Mitt Romney carried the county by 5.4% over incumbent Democrat Barack Obama in his successful reelection bid. Beginning in 2016, Kewaunee County has become a strongly Republican county, with Donald Trump becoming the first candidate to win over 60% of the county's vote since Ronald Reagan in his landslide reelection in 1984. Trump performed even better in the county in 2020, where he became the first candidate to crack 65% of Kewaunee County's vote since Dwight D. Eisenhower in his 1956 landslide reelection.


United States presidential election results for Kewaunee County, Wisconsin[122]
Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2020 7,927 65.54% 3,976 32.87% 192 1.59%
2016 6,618 61.47% 3,627 33.69% 522 4.85%
2012 5,747 52.07% 5,153 46.69% 137 1.24%
2008 4,711 43.67% 5,902 54.71% 174 1.61%
2004 5,970 52.96% 5,175 45.91% 128 1.14%
2000 4,883 48.42% 4,670 46.31% 531 5.27%
1996 3,431 37.93% 4,311 47.66% 1,304 14.42%
1992 3,570 34.40% 4,050 39.03% 2,757 26.57%
1988 4,330 47.17% 4,786 52.14% 63 0.69%
1984 5,705 61.94% 3,444 37.39% 61 0.66%
1980 5,577 57.05% 3,706 37.91% 492 5.03%
1976 4,447 47.93% 4,607 49.65% 225 2.42%
1972 4,802 57.15% 3,360 39.99% 241 2.87%
1968 4,467 57.25% 2,622 33.61% 713 9.14%
1964 2,980 38.30% 4,792 61.59% 8 0.10%
1960 3,950 48.09% 4,256 51.82% 7 0.09%
1956 5,106 68.00% 2,364 31.48% 39 0.52%
1952 6,482 76.42% 1,972 23.25% 28 0.33%
1948 3,646 56.28% 2,746 42.39% 86 1.33%
1944 4,153 61.25% 2,611 38.51% 16 0.24%
1940 3,862 53.11% 3,389 46.60% 21 0.29%
1936 1,527 22.73% 4,971 74.01% 219 3.26%
1932 879 14.36% 5,200 84.94% 43 0.70%
1928 1,556 27.94% 3,988 71.61% 25 0.45%
1924 1,018 23.90% 395 9.27% 2,847 66.83%
1920 2,622 78.83% 598 17.98% 106 3.19%
1916 1,104 35.07% 2,011 63.88% 33 1.05%
1912 1,115 35.71% 1,696 54.32% 311 9.96%
1908 1,590 46.48% 1,731 50.60% 100 2.92%
1904 1,578 49.72% 1,457 45.90% 139 4.38%
1900 1,750 49.81% 1,729 49.22% 34 0.97%
1896 1,835 51.11% 1,649 45.93% 106 2.95%
1892 518 19.96% 2,046 78.84% 31 1.19%

Notable people

[edit]

For lists of notable people from Kewaunee County, see the following articles:

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Hortonville soil series information
  2. ^ Symco soil series information
  3. ^ Carbondale soil series information
  4. ^ Pella soil series information
  5. ^ Kolberg soil series information

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "2020 Decennial Census: Kewaunee County, Wisconsin". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 10, 2022.
  2. ^ a b "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved January 21, 2014.
  3. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  4. ^ "Wisconsin: Individual County Chronologies". Wisconsin Atlas of Historical County Boundaries. The Newberry Library. 2007. Archived from the original on April 14, 2017. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
  5. ^ Hoffman, Mike. "Menominee Place Names in Wisconsin". The Menominee Clans Story. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
  6. ^ Kewaunee/Door Peninsula Again Top in Chinook Harvest by Kevin Naze, Peninsula Pulse, May 1, 2019
  7. ^ It’s No Fish Tale… Charter Boat Captain Is Living His Dream by Joel Waldinger, November 5, 2015, Wisconsin Life, PBS
  8. ^ Wisconsin Record Fish List, September 2018, Wisconsin DNR (The records are current as of September 2018.)
  9. ^ The Salmon Experiment: The invention of a Lake Michigan sport fishery, and what has happened since, Updated January 21, 2019; Posted April 18, 2011, By Howard Meyerson, The Grand Rapids Press
  10. ^ Red flags signal possible trouble for Lake Michigan salmon where chinooks are king, by Howard Meyerson, The Grand Rapids Press, Updated January 21, 2019; Posted April 17, 2011
  11. ^ Charter Captain Meeting March 12, 2015, see pages 56-57, Archived November 1, 2019, also see Lake Huron’s Chinook salmon fishery unlikely to recover due to ongoing food shortage by Jim Erickson, March 14, 2016
  12. ^ Wisconsin Sea Grant documents value of recreational fishing in Lake Michigan by Aaron R. Conklin, Wisconsin Sea Grant, July 10, 2017
  13. ^ Can Native Species Compete with Valuable Exotics? Measuring Willingness to Pay for Recreational Fishing in Lake Michigan by Raynor, Jennifer and Phaneuf, Daniel, Presentation for the 2018 International Institute of Fisheries Economics & Trade
  14. ^ Edsall, T. A., M. E. Holey, B. A. Manny and G. W. Kennedy 1995 An Evaluation of Lake Trout Reproductive Habitat on Clay Banks Reef, Northwestern Lake Michigan. Journal of Great Lakes Research 21 (Supplement 1):418-432
  15. ^ "Wisconsin Historical Markers: Kewaunee County Historical Society Driving Tour Maps and Descriptions". Archived from the original on March 20, 2014. Retrieved July 31, 2016.
  16. ^ Atlas of the Spawning and Nursery Areas of Great Lakes Fishes, Volume IV Goodyear C. D., T. Edsall D. M. Ormsby Dempsey G 0 Moss and P. E. Polanski 1982 Fish and wildlife Service FNS/0BS-82/52, p. 155, 164 of the pdf
  17. ^ Spearing, Netting, and Bait Harvest Regulations 2019-2020, Wisconsin DNR, page 12
  18. ^ Fish Watching in Wisconsin, EEK Wisconsin website, Accessed January 17, 2020
  19. ^ 2019 Smelt Run Brings Back Memories of ‘Good Old Days’ by Kevin Naze, Peninsula Pulse, April 26, 2019
  20. ^ Wisconsin DNR interactive boating map: Kewaunee County
  21. ^ 2012 Wisconsin Boating Program Report, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Bureau of Law Enforcement Pub-LE-314-2012
  22. ^ America Shipwreck (Canaller), National Register of Historic Places Program, National Park Service, Accessed January 18, 2020
  23. ^ Maritime trail markers for Kewaunee County listed by the Maritime Preservation Program of the Wisconsin Historical Society, Accessed January 18, 2020
  24. ^ Parks and trails visitkewauneecounty.com, Accessed January 18, 2020
  25. ^ Mashek Creek Public Access, Wisconsin DNR, August 17, 2017
  26. ^ Brusky Wildlife Area, Wisconsin DNR, January 11, 2017
  27. ^ Directory, visitkewauneecounty.com, accessed January 18, 2020
  28. ^ Wisconsin Beach Advisories on the Wisconsin Beach Health website; counties are in the dropdown menu
  29. ^ Red River Park, visitkewauneecounty.com, Accessed January 18, 2020
  30. ^ Crescent Beach and Boardwalk, travelwisconsin.com, Accessed January 18, 2020
  31. ^ City of Kewaunee Park Facilities, Parks Department, Accessed January 18, 2020
  32. ^ Public Access to Lake Michigan by the Bay-Lake Regional Planning Commission, July 2011, Chapter 1: Public Access Inventory, pages 7 and pages 35–41 (pages 14 and pages 41–44 of the pdf)
  33. ^ Pit locations spreadsheet, Wisconsin Department of Transportation, January 21, 2016
  34. ^ Lands enrolled in the tax program are shown on the DNR Private Forest Lands Open for Public Recreation interactive map and Managed Forest Law 2019 Acreage Summary Report by Municipality by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, February 25, 2019, page 34
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