European Russia
European Russia | |
|---|---|
.svg)   | |
| Largest city | Moscow |
| Demonym(s) | Russian |
| Area | |
• Total | 3,969,100 km2 (1,532,500 sq mi) (7th) |
| Population | |
• 2023 estimate | 109,455,000[1] (13th) |
• Density | 27.58/km2 (71.4/sq mi) (160th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2022 estimate |
• Total |  $3.275 trillion[2] |
• Per capita | $29,923 |
| GDP (nominal) | 2022[3] estimate |
• Total | $1.410 trillion |
• Per capita | $12,926 |
European Russia[a] is the western and most populated part of the Russian Federation. It is geographically situated in Europe, as opposed to the country's sparsely populated and vastly larger eastern part, Siberia, which is situated in Asia, encompassing the entire northern region of the continent. The two parts of Russia are divided by the Ural Mountains and Ural river, bisecting the Eurasian supercontinent. European Russia covers the vast majority of Eastern Europe, and spans roughly 40% of Europe's total landmass, with over 15% of its total population, making Russia the largest and most populous country in Europe. It is divided into five Federal districts.
Area and demographics
[edit]European Russia accounts for about 80% of Russia's total population. It covers an area of over 3,969,100 square kilometres (1,532,500 sq mi), with a population of nearly 110 million—making Russia the largest and most populous country in Europe, surpassing second-place Germany.[4][b] European Russia is the most densely populated region of Russia, with a population density of 27.5 people per km2 (70 per sq mi).[5] European Russia counts for about 15% of Europe's total population.
All three federal cities of Russia lie within European Russia. These cities are Moscow, the nation's capital and largest city, which is the second most populous city in Europe; Saint Petersburg, the cultural capital and the second-most populous city in the country; and Sevastopol, located in Crimea, which is internationally recognized as part of Ukraine.
Of the 16 Russian cities with over 1 million inhabitants, 12 lie within European Russia: Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Ufa, Chelyabinsk, Rostov-on-Don, Krasnodar, Voronezh, Perm, and Volgograd (the remaining four are Yekaterinburg, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk and Novosibirsk).
History
[edit].svg)
The historical population of European Russia was composed of:
- Slavs: They became the dominant ethnic group in European Russia, forming the basis of modern Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians. The East Slavs settled in the region in large numbers starting around the 6th century CE.
- Finno-Ugric peoples: Finno-Ugric groups, such as the Karelians, Mordvins, Komi, Mari and Udmurts, lived across much of northern and central Russia. They retained distinct cultures but also influenced and were influenced by their Slavic neighbors.
- Germanic peoples: Various Germanic groups, including the Goths in the early centuries and later German settlers (Volga Germans), contributed to local culture, especially through migration during medieval and early modern times.
- Turkic peoples: Turkic tribes, such as the Bulgars and later the Tatars, played a significant role in the region, especially with the formation of the Volga Bulgaria and the Tatar Khanates.
- Jews: The Jewish community, particularly in the western parts of European Russia, was significant, especially during the Middle Ages and the time of the Pale of Settlement in the Russian Empire.
- Scythians: The Scythians were an ancient nomadic people who roamed the steppe regions of what is now southern Russia and Ukraine, leaving an enduring cultural and archaeological legacy.
- North Caucasian peoples: In the southernmost regions, near the Caucasus Mountains, ethnic groups like the Circassians, Chechens, and Ingush have long inhabited these areas, contributing to the rich cultural tapestry.
- Huns: The Huns, a nomadic warrior people, passed through parts of European Russia during the Migration Period, influencing local populations in the 4th and 5th centuries.
- Baltic Peoples: Some Baltic tribes, such as the Latgalians, were present in parts of northwestern Russia, where they later merged into larger entities as the region developed.
- Khazars: The Khazar Khaganate, a Turkic state, controlled parts of southern European Russia between the 7th and 10th centuries and played a key role in trade and politics in the region.
- Norse peoples: The Norse, particularly Varangians (Vikings from Sweden), played a major role in the foundation of the Kievan Rus' and were integrated into the early ruling elites of Russia.[6][7]
Some theories say that some early Eastern Slavs arrived in modern-day western Russia (also in Ukraine and Belarus) sometime during the middle of the first millennium AD.[8] The Eastern Slavic tribe of the Vyatichis was native to the land around the Oka river. Finno-Ugric, Baltic and Turkic tribes were also present in the area (although large parts of the Turkic and Finno-Ugric people were absorbed by the Slavs, there are great minorities in European Russia today). The western region of Central Russia was inhabited by the Eastern Slavic tribe of the Severians.
One of the first Rus' regions according to the Sofia First Chronicle was Veliky Novgorod in 859. In late 8th and early-to-mid-9th centuries AD the Rus' Khaganate was formed in modern western Russia. The region was a place of operations for Varangians, eastern Scandinavian adventurers, merchants, and pirates. From the late 9th to the mid-13th century a large section of today's European Russia was part of Kievan Rus'. The lands of Rus' Khaganate and Kievan Rus' were important trade routes and connected Scandinavia, Byzantine Empire, Rus' people and Volga Bulgaria with Khazaria and Persia. According to old Scandinavian sources among the 12 biggest cities of Kievan Rus' or Ancient Rus' were Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Murom and Rostov.[9]
Through trade and cultural contact with Byzantine Empire, the Slavic culture of the Rus' adopted gradually the Eastern Orthodox religion. Many sources say that Ryazan, Kolomna, Moscow, Vladimir and Kiev were destroyed by the Mongol Empire. After the Mongol invasion the Muscovite Rus' arose, over all this time, western Russia and the various Rus' regions had strong cultural contacts with the Byzantine Empire, while the Slavic culture was cultivated all the time.[10] The elements of East Slavic paganism and Christianity overlapped each other and sometimes produced even double faith in Muscovite Rus'.[11]
Economy
[edit]In 2022 the GRDP of European Russia was around ₽100 trillion (US$1.4 trillion).[3]
Alignment with administrative divisions
[edit]
The following Federal districts of Russia are overwhelmingly European:
| Name of district | Area (km2) |
Population (2023) |
Population density | GRDP (2022) | Continent notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Central Federal District | 650,200 | 40,198,659[12] | 59.658 | ₽47.368 trillion ($692 billion)[3] |
Europe | |
| North Caucasian Federal District | 170,400 | 10,251,083[12] | 56.58 | ₽3.111 trillion ($45 billion)[3] |
Europe | |
| Northwestern Federal District | 1,687,000 | 13,840,352[12] | 8.25 | ₽18.929 trillion ($276 billion)[3] |
Europe | |
| Southern Federal District[note 1] | 447,900 | 16,624,081[12] | 33.46 | ₽9.816 trillion ($143 billion)[3] |
Europe | |
| Volga Federal District | 1,037,000 | 28,540,832[12] | 28.63 | ₽19.664 trillion ($287 billion)[3] |
Predominantly Europe | |
| Ural Federal District | 1,818,500 | 12,262,205[12] | 6.86 | ₽20.073 trillion ($293 billion)[3] |
Predominantly Europe-Asia | |
| Sum of 6 Federal Districts[note 2] | 3,995,200 | 109,455,000[12] | 27.22 | ₽98.890 trillion ($1444 billion)[3] |
Predominantly Europe | |
| ||||||
See also
[edit]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Russian: Европейская Россия, also Европейская часть России "European part of Russia" or Европейская территория России "European territory of Russia".
- ^ Turkey is only partially in Europe, in East Thrace, which has a population of about 12 million.
References
[edit]- ^ "Оценка численности постоянного населения на 1 января 2024 г. и в среднем за 2023 г. и компоненты ее изменения", rosstat.gov.ru
- ^ Source: PPPs and exchange rates. "Conversion rates - Purchasing power parities (PPP) - OECD Data". Data.oecd.org. Retrieved 2022-03-09.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Валовой региональный продукт по субъектам Российской Федерации в 1998-2022 гг., rosstat.gov.ru
- ^ "Estimated population of selected European countries in 2023". Statista. Jul 4, 2023. Retrieved Aug 24, 2023.
- ^ Vishnevsky, Anatoly (15 August 2000). "Replacement Migration: Is it a solution for Russia?" (PDF). EXPERT GROUP MEETING ON POLICY RESPONSES TO POPULATION AGEING AND POPULATION DECLINE /UN/POP/PRA/2000/14. United Nations Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. pp. 6, 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 25, 2003. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
- ^ "Khazar | people". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
- ^ Reuter, Timothy (2015). The New Cambridge medieval history. Vol. 3. Fouracre, Paul; McKitterick, Rosamond; Reuter, Timothy; Luscombe, D. E. (David Edward); Riley-Smith, Jonathan, 1938-2016; Abulafia, David (First paperback ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 496–500. ISBN 9781107449060. OCLC 945367493.
- ^ "Early East Slavic Tribes in Russia". Study.com. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
- ^ "Ancient Rus: trade and crafts: History of Russian trade and crafts: Business & Law: Russia-InfoCentre". www.russia-ic.com. Retrieved 2019-03-20.
- ^ Orthodox Russia: belief and practice under the tsars. Kivelson, Valerie A. (Valerie Ann), Greene, Robert H., 1975-. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press. 2003. ISBN 027102349X. OCLC 50960735.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Orthodox Russia: belief and practice under the tsars. Kivelson, Valerie A. (Valerie Ann), Greene, Robert H., 1975-. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press. 2003. p. 146. ISBN 027102349X. OCLC 50960735.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ a b c d e f g "Оценка численности постоянного населения на 1 января 2024 г. и в среднем за 2023 г. и компоненты её изменения".
