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Prokopy Petrovich Lyapunov

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Prokopy Petrovich Lyapunov
Voivode
Other titlesDvoryanin of Duma (1607), Head of Ryazan Lands (after 1598[note 1]), Head of Zemsky Sobor (Government) of 1611
Other namesProkopy Lepunov
Known forOrganization and leadership of the first People's Opolchenie against Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth occupation of Moscow in 1611
BornIsady, Old Ryazan (Principality of Ryazan)
Cause of deathAssassination
NationalityRussian
ResidencePereyaslavl-Ryazansky

Prokopy Petrovich Lyapunov (also Prokofy; Russian: Прокопий/Прокофий Петрович Ляпунов) (Isady, Grand Duchy of Moscow;[note 2] b. ? — July 22, 1611;[note 3] Tsardom of Russia[1][2][3]) was a prominent 17th century Russian nobleman (dvoryanin), voivode (military chieftain) of, allegedly, a Rurikid origin who practically became a head of Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky lands nobility in the end of 1590s; he took part in wars during power vacuum in succession crisis that happened in early 1598 in Tsardom as result of confusion about legitimate heir apparent following death of Feodor I, nobility infighting, war declared by Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (PLC) in 1605, and exhaustive Tatar raids; most famously he is remembered for organizing and leading the first unsuccessful uprising against occupation of Moscow of 1610 by PLC in April of 1611.[3][4]: 835 

In 1583-1584 he successfully participated in exiling of Bogdan Belsky, a close associate of Ivan the Terrible who was blamed for treason. During Time of Troubles (1598) Prokopy Lyapunov and his brother Zakhary Lyapunov sided with False Dmitry I who (upon being uncovered as a false Czar) was killed in a plot by Vasili IV Shuisky (Tsar) and his associates.[5] Prokopy Petrovich along with his ally Pashkov Fillip Ivanovich initially revolted against Vasilii IV in controversial Peasants' Uprising (a.k.a. Uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov) of 1606 which failed to topple Vasili IV but which, however, drew both parties (Lyapunov and Pashkov) on the latter's side by the end of 1606 (or 1607).[6][7] In 1607 Along with Tsar's forces he besieged Tula [ru; pl] where Ivan Bolotnikov was hiding.[6][7] In 1610 plot he helped Moscovite's nobility, known as Seven Boyars, and his brother Zakhary Lyapunov to depose Vasili IV for a latter brother's failure at Battle of Klushino, a battle with Polish hussars and mercenaries.[2][5]

In April of 1611 Prokopy along with his strong men, Duke Dmitry Troubetskoy, and Cossacks Ataman Ivan Zarutsky led the First People's Opolcheniye [ru] (FPO) in an attempt to expel Polish forces from occupied Moscow dying not long after that.

Biography

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He was born on unknown date in a village of Isady (Russian: Исады) located to the East of Old Ryazan [ru]. Little is known about his life before 1584.

Time of Troubles

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See also: Time of Troubles

During Feodor I of Russia

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Until 1590 Prokopy served as voivode under viceroy of Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky Dmitry I. Khvorostin [ru] until latter's death in 1590. In 1598 he was allegedly a head of Ryazan Zemsky Sobor embassy sent to Moscow to elect new Czar when Feodor I of Russia died with no heirs left.[8] His signature is found on the final decision made by Moscow Zemsky Sobor in favor of Boris Godunov. 

Servant of Boris Godunov

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In 1603-1603 Prokopy served as Mayor of now lost city Tsarev-Borisov [ru].[9] In 1603 along with Ivan Andreyevich Khovansky, Prokopy attempted to retake Zaraysk occupied at the time by mercenaries of Aleksander Józef Lisowski.[4]: 835 [10] After Battle of Dobrynichi in 1605 under leadership of Fedor Sheremetev, Prokopy with his son Vladimir were sent to Kromy as voivide (not far from Orel, where Lisowczyks were expected) to ward off Polish and Zaporozh Cossack forces.[8]

Servant of False Dmitry I

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After the death of Boris Godunov in 1605, Prokopy along with his brother Zakhary Lyapunov, Petr Basmanov [ru], and Vasily Golitsyn switched their side to the False Dmitriy I after falsely believing that the latter was son of Ivan IV, Dmitry of Uglich who "managed to flee to Poland instead of dying" (and thus being the only legitimate heir to the Czar throne).[5][4]: 835 

In October 1606 he and hist strongmen rebelled against ruling Tsar Vasili IV in the Bolotnikov Uprising.[9] In November 1606, however Lyapunov came to Moscow and gave himself up to Vasili IV for which the latter granted him with a Dvoryanin of Boyar Duma (likely c. 1607) title. In 1607 supported Tsar's troops in besieging Tula [ru; pl] where leaders of uprising, including Ivan Bolotnikov, took a refugee, and confronted rebels in neighboring towns.[6][7][9]

Occupation of Moscow of 1611

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During February-March, 1608, Lyapunov led an army of Ryazan, Arzamas, and Muscow voivodes against peasants who rose in revolt in Pronsk against Vasili IV Shuisky (which was allegedly instigated by Aleksander Józef Lisowski and his ragtag mercenaries and supporters of False Dmitriy II)[4]

In late spring Prokopy L., with his brother Zakhary P. L., and Viceroy of Ryazan Ivan Andreyevich Khovansky unsuccessfully besieged Pronsk (at the time occupied by mercenaries of Lisowski) in the Battle of Zaraisk 1608 [ru].[3][11][4]: 835 ;[12] Prokopy sustained leg wound by a musket at hands of Lisowski's Don Cossacks and temporarily handed military duties to his brother Zakhary.[5]

In May 1609 Prokopy was sent by Czar Vasilii IV to Kolomna to relieve siege imposed by troops loyal to False Dmitry II and Lisowski.[3]

In July 1610, Lyapunov along with his brother Zakhary P. L. overthrew and exiled Vasili IV after sudden and suspicious death of Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky (a prominent military figure) reportedly blamed on Vasili IV.[4]: 835  In September 1610 Moscow Boyars (so called Seven Boyars), invited Władysław IV Vasa, son of Sigismund III Vasa to "on the rule" i.e. to become a Czar of all Russia. Under pressure of Patriarch Germogen they conditioned that he accepts Orthodox faith but he ultimately refused to appear.

Patriarch Germogen Statue in Moscow.

In late 1610 Prokopy set off to retake Pronsk (again) in the name of Władysław IV to whom he just pledged his allegiance;[4][3][4]: 835  Dmitry Pozharsky came to a help from Zaraisk (where he served as a voivode) and they together left for Pereyaslavl Ryazansky.[3][4]: 835 [9] At the same time news came from Moscow: poles and Seven Boyars jailed Patriarch Germogen for refusing to recognize Władysław IV; in response, by the end of 1610, Prokopy demanded to free Patriarch but was ignored; as result of failure by Sigismund III to deliver his son, poles occupation of Moscow and another succession crisis he pushed hard on summoning new Zemsky Sobor to create FPO to put an end to the Polish occupation, power- and lawlessness.[13]

First people's Opolchenie

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When the Polish army occupied Moscow in 1611, Lyapunov, responding to Patriarch Germogen's proclamations to stand up for "Holy Rus' and Holy [orthodox] faith",[14] started to spread calls to different cities for "uprising" that finally levied the First People's Opolchenie (first authorized by Zemsky Sobor at the time) and became its leader.[15] In March 1611, his ragtag army consisting of Cossacks (previously served under False Dmitry I and his Poland superiors) approached Moscow with 12 thousands-strong army (having no heavy weaponry however) from the south and blocked the invaders from giving a rise to Moscow Uprising of 1611.[13] In June his peace talks with Jan Piotr Sapieha, who threatened his south flanks at the Moscow's south border, have failed.[13]

In the summer of 1611, Prokopy Lyapunov practically became the head of so called «Council of all lands» (Russian: Совет всей земли), an interim government, called to establish an order and as result of which, on June 30, he issued a decree that reinstated certain serf regulations and violated his own promises to Cossacks of "freedom and salary" (as they tended to plunder surroundings where they stayed); by another one Prokopy L. also imposed harsh punishment on looters to prevent unauthorized collection of taxes and duties; this contributed to further disintegration of his movement.[16]

At this point, however, brief success didn't last long as internal and deeply irreconcilable differences between Russian nobles, bureaucracy, and Cossacks (that constituted FPO) started to brew.[16] The disagreement was seriously aggravated when 28 Cossacks caught for looting of Ugresha Monastery were sentenced to death (or, by some other accounts - drowned) by one of loyal to Prokopy voivode, becoming the last straw that broke FPO ranks and sealed Prokopy's fate.[4]: 835 

Death

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A decree made up either by Aleksander K. Gosiewski (who at the time occupied Moscow Kremlin and was threatened by FPO troops) or Ivan Zarutsky (Cossacks faction of FPO)[note 4] (delivered by one of captive cossack to the indignant Cossacks headquarters) declared Cossacks as outlaws. Because the decree was closely resembling hand of Prokopy Lyapunov he was invited to Cossacks "circle" (council) on outskirts of Moscow for interrogation; soon after that, however, Cossacks assaulted and stubbed him to death on July 22 (no later August 1), 1611.[note 3][6][16][4]: 835 

Burial

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Body of Prokopy Lyapunov was reportedly buried at Temple of Prophet Elijah on Vorontsov Field [Wikidata],[18] but at some point later reburied at Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius by his son Vladimir, along with many other prominent figures who lived at the Time of Troubles (e.g. Dmitry Troubetskoy).[18][19][20][21][22]

Aftermath

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Some remains of FPO, primarily Cosscaks loyal to ataman Ivan Zarutsky continued to fight with Poles, but some have joined Dmitry Pozharsky troops at Yaroslavl to form Second People's Opolcheniye [ru] preparing for the Battle of Moscow (1612).

Personal life

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Family

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Main article: Lyapunov family

Prokopy belonged to a noble family dynasty called Lyapunov.[23]: 276–277 

Children

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  • Vladimir Prokopievich Lyapunov, it's known that he has donated a cross to the church of the Isady Village where his father Prokopy was born; it's currently kept in Ryazan Kremlin

See also

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In culture

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  • «Prince Skopin-Shuisky» (1834-1835, Russian Empire), a drama by Nestor Kukolnik - Prokopy Lyapunov depicted avenging death of his ally Skopin-Shuysky.[25]: 194 

Notes

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  1. ^ After death of Feodor I of Russia in 1598 he practically became a head (almost like viceroy) of Russian nobility in Ryazan lands[citation needed]
  2. ^ Grand Duchy of Ryazan became a part of Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1521 and Moscow shouldn't be confused as a birth place which is located to the east of Old Ryazan, in a village that survived to this day
  3. ^ a b Most sources agree that he died no later than August 1, 1611
  4. ^ Exact details differ from author to author; reportedly some chronicles biased toward more sensational description of events by omitting some details.[17]

References

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  1. ^ Сизова, Ирина (27 July 2021). "Неистовый Ляпунов" [Mighty Lyapunov]. Рязанские ведомости (in Russian). Archived from the original on November 5, 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-02.
  2. ^ a b "ХРОНОС: Ляпунов Прокопий Петрович" (in Russian). February 21, 2009. Archived from the original on February 21, 2009.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Ляпунов Прокопий Петрович" [Lyapunov Prokopy Petrovich]. interpretive.ru (in Russian). НАЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ ИСТОРИЧЕСКАЯ ЭНЦИКЛОПЕДИЯ. Archived from the original on November 6, 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Polovtsov, Alexander (1918). "Русский биографический словарь" [Russian Biographical Dictionary] (in Russian). St. Petersburg, Russian Empire: Imperial Russian Historical Society.
  5. ^ a b c d "ЛЯПУНОВ Захарий Петрович" [Lyapunov Zakhary Petrovich]. interpretive.ru (in Russian). НАЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ ИСТОРИЧЕСКАЯ ЭНЦИКЛОПЕДИЯ. Archived from the original on November 6, 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
  6. ^ a b c d "Первый удар. Предтечей Минина и Пожарского был рязанский воевода Прокопий Ляпунов" [First blow. Forerunner of Minin and Pozharsky was Ryazan's Voivoda Prokopy Lyapunov]. Archived from the original on June 14, 2012.
  7. ^ a b c Смирнов, И.И. "К истории восстания под руководством Болотникова" [About history of uprising led by Bolotnikov]. annales.info. Archived from the original on February 27, 2020. Retrieved 2021-11-02.
  8. ^ a b "ПРОКОПИЙ ПЕТРОВИЧ ЛЯПУНОВ". mr-rf.ru. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
  9. ^ a b c d "ЛЯПУНОВ ПРОКОПИЙ ПЕТРОВИЧ" [Prokopy Petrovich Lyapunov]. w.histrf.ru. Энциклопедия Всемирная история. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-08.
  10. ^ "Aleksander Józef Lisowski h. Jeż". www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2021-11-05.
  11. ^ "Aleksander Józef Lisowski h. Jeż". www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2021-11-04.
  12. ^ "Зарайского города крепкое стояние" [Tough standoff at Zaraisk]. old.zarrayon.ru. Official website of Zaraisk. Archived from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-08.
  13. ^ a b c "Первое ополчение" [First People's Opolchenie]. w.histrf.ru. Всемирная история. Энциклопедия. Archived from the original on August 10, 2017. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
  14. ^ "ПАТРИАРХ ГЕРМОГЕН И ПРОКОПИЙ ЛЯПУНОВ" [Patriarch Hermogene and Prokopy Lyapunov]. Церковно-Научный Центр "Православная Энциклопедия" (in Russian). Archived from the original on June 20, 2020. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
  15. ^ "Liberation of Moscow from the Polish interventionists". en (in Russian). April 30, 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  16. ^ a b c Shokarev, Sergei (2002). "Служилые люди в эпоху Смуты" [State Service People during Times of Troubles]. his.1sept.ru. Газета «История». Retrieved 2021-11-07.
  17. ^ Tufanova, Olga A. (2021). "Stories about the murder of Prokopy Lyapunov in contemporaries writing on the time of trouble" (PDF). Vestnik slavianskikh kul'tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures]. 60: 114–122. doi:10.37816/2073-9567-2021-60-114-122. S2CID 236718498.
  18. ^ a b "Где погребен Прокопий Ляпунов" [Where Prokopy Lyapunov is buried]. 62info.ru. Archived from the original on May 25, 2019. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
  19. ^ "Прокофию Ляпунову – от благодарных потомков" [To Prokopy Lyapunov from his grateful citizens]. rv-ryazan.ru (in Russian). Рязанские ведомости. July 27, 2010. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
  20. ^ "Троице-Сергиева Лавра" [Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius]. www.bankgorodov.ru. Archived from the original on September 7, 2017. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
  21. ^ "Некрополь Троице-Сергиевой Лавры. Взгляд сквозь века" [Necropolis of Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius. View through ages]. www.stsl.ru. Archived from the original on December 15, 2017. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
  22. ^ "Прокопий Ляпунов | История, культура и традиции Рязанского края". 62info.ru. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
  23. ^ Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрон [Small Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary] (in Russian). St. Petersburg. 1907-1909
  24. ^ "Смерть Ляпунова. Драма в пяти действиях в прозе" [The Death of Prokopy Lyapunov. Five acts drama in prose.]. turgenev-lit.ru. St. Petersburg. 1846. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
  25. ^ a b Stites, Richard (2005). Serfdom, society, and the arts in imperial Russia : the pleasure and the power. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12818-5. OCLC 123081421.
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