Mongongo
| Mongongo nut | |
|---|---|
| |
| Schinziophyton rautanenii | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Euphorbiaceae |
| Subfamily: | Crotonoideae |
| Tribe: | Ricinodendreae |
| Genus: | Schinziophyton Hutch. ex Radcl.-Sm. |
| Species: | S. rautanenii
|
| Binomial name | |
| Schinziophyton rautanenii | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Ricinodendron rautanenii Schinz | |
The mongongo tree, mongongo nut or manketti tree (Schinziophyton rautanenii) is a member of the family Euphorbiaceae and of the monotypic genus Schinziophyton. A large, spreading tree, the mongongo reaches 15–20 metres tall. It is found on wooded hills and among sand dunes, and is associated with the Kalahari sand soil-types. The leaves are a distinctive hand-shape, and the pale yellow wood is similar in characteristics to balsa, being both lightweight and strong. The yellowish flowers occur in slender, loose sprays.
Fruit
[edit]The fruits are known as mongongo fruits, mongongo nuts, manketti nuts or nongongo.[citation needed] The egg-shaped, velvety fruits ripen and fall between March and May each year, and contain a thin exocarp around a thick, hard, pitted shell containing an edible nut.
Distribution
[edit]The mongongo is distributed widely through subtropical southern Africa. There are several distinct belts of distribution, the largest of which reaches from northern Namibia into northern Botswana, south-western Zambia and western Zimbabwe. Another belt is found in eastern Malawi, and yet another in eastern Mozambique.
It is also found in Angola, Tanzania and Zaire.[1]
Taxonomy
[edit]The genus of Schinziophyton was circumscribed by Josh Hutcherson ex. Alan Radcliffe-Smith in Kew Bull. vol.45 (1) on page 157 in 1990.[1]
The genus name of Schinziophyton is in honour of Hans Schinz (1858–1941), who was a Swiss explorer and botanist and was a native of Zürich.[2]
Phylogenetics
[edit]Within the Ricinodendreae tribe, mongongo is an early clade according to phylogenetic research.[3]
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Traditional uses
[edit]
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2019) |
Mongongo nuts are a staple diet in some areas, most notably among the San people of northern Botswana and Namibia. Archaeological evidence has shown that they have been consumed by the San communities for centuries.[4] Their popularity stems in part from their flavor, and in part from the fact that they store well, and remain edible for much of the year.
Dry fruits are first steamed to soften the skins. After peeling, the fruits are then cooked in water until the maroon-colored flesh separates from the hard inner nuts. The pulp is eaten, and the nuts are saved to be roasted later. Alternatively, nuts are collected from elephant dung; the hard nuts survive intact through the digestive process after the elephant has consumed and digested them.[4] Once dry, the outer shell cracks easily, revealing the nut, encased within a soft inner shell. The nuts are either eaten intact, or pounded as ingredients in other dishes.
The oil from the nuts has also been traditionally used as a body rub in the dry winter months to clean and moisten the skin. The wood, being both strong and light, makes excellent fishing floats, toys, insulating material and drawing boards.
Nutrition
[edit]Per 100 grams shelled nuts:
- 24 g protein
- 57 g fat:
- 44% polyunsaturated fatty acids
- 18% monounsaturated fatty acids
- 17% saturated fatty acids
- 193 mg calcium
- 527 mg magnesium
- 4 mg zinc
- 2.8 mg copper
- 565 mg vitamin E (tocopherol)[citation needed]
Economic aspects
[edit]Richard Borshay Lee, writes
A diet based on mongongo nuts is in fact more reliable than one based on cultivated foods, and it is not surprising, therefore, that when a Bushman was asked why he hadn't taken to agriculture he replied: "Why should we plant, when there are so many mongongo nuts in the world?" [5]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]
- ^ a b "Schinziophyton Hutch. ex Radcl.Sm. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
- ^ Burkhardt, Lotte (2022). Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen [Encyclopedia of eponymic plant names] (pdf) (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2022. ISBN 978-3-946292-41-8. Retrieved January 27, 2022.
- ^ "Ricinodendreae – opentree". Open Tree of Life.
- ^ a b UHIS. "The Mongongo Nut, Ricinodendron rautanenii". www.naturalhub.com. Retrieved 2017-08-04.
- ^ Lee, Richard B. (1968). "What Hunters Do for a Living, or, How to Make Out on Scarce Resources" Man the Hunter. Chicago: Aldine. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-202-33032-7.