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Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park

Coordinates: 33°45′18″N 84°22′20″W / 33.75500°N 84.37222°W / 33.75500; -84.37222
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This article is about the National Historical Park in Atlanta, Georgia. For the memorial in Washington, D.C., see Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial.

Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park and Preservation District
Interior of Ebenezer Baptist Church, view from behind the pulpit
Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park is located in Atlanta
Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park
Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park is located in Georgia
Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park
Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park is located in the United States
Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park
LocationRoughly bounded by Courtland, Randolph, Chamberlain Sts. and Irwin Ave. (original) and Roughly bounded by Freedom Pkwy., John Wesley Dobbs Ave., Decatur St., Southern RR tracks, and I-75/85 (increase), Atlanta, Georgia
Coordinates33°45′18″N 84°22′20″W / 33.75500°N 84.37222°W / 33.75500; -84.37222
Area34.47 acres (13.95 ha)
13.04 acres (5.28 ha) federal
Built1929
ArchitectMultiple
Architectural styleLate 19th and early 20th century American movements, Modern movement
Visitation624,848 (2005)
WebsiteMartin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park
NRHP reference No.74000677, 80000435, 00000741[1]
Significant dates
Added to NRHPMay 2, 1974 (original)
June 12, 2001 (increase)
Designated NHLDMay 5, 1977[2]
Designated NHSOctober 10, 1980

The Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park covers about 35 acres (0.14 km2) and includes several sites in Atlanta, Georgia related to the life and work of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. Within the park is his boyhood home, and Ebenezer Baptist Church — the church where King was baptized and both he and his father, Martin Luther King Sr., were pastors — as well as, the grave site of King, Jr., and his wife, civil rights activist Coretta Scott King.

The park is administered by the National Park Service and has a visitor center and museum.

History

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These places, critical to the interpretation of the life of Martin Luther King Jr. and his legacy as a leader of the American civil rights movement, were originally included in the National Historic Site or National Historic Landmark listings first established on October 10, 1980. The site was expanded and designated as a national historical park through a bipartisan bill long championed by John Lewis and signed on January 8, 2018, by President Donald Trump.[3]

In total, the buildings included in the site make up 35 acres (0.14 km2). The visitor center contains a museum that chronicles the American Civil Rights Movement and the path of Martin Luther King Jr. The King Center for Nonviolent Social Change includes the burial place of King, and his wife, activist Coretta Scott King. An 1894 firehouse (Fire Station No. 6) served the Sweet Auburn community until 1991, and now contains a gift shop and an exhibit on desegregation in the Atlanta Fire Department. The "I Have a Dream" International World Peace Rose Garden, and a memorial tribute to Mohandas K. Gandhi are part of the site, as is the "International Civil Rights Walk of Fame" which commemorates some of the courageous pioneers who worked for social justice.

In 2019, the National Park Foundation purchased the Life Home of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on Sunset Avenue, where the family moved in 1965, from the estate of Coretta Scott King and transferred it to the National Park Service for restoration before it is opened to the public as an expansion of the National Historic Park.[4]

Annual events celebrating Martin Luther King Jr. Day in January typically draw large crowds. Speakers have included presidents of the United States, national and local politicians, and civil rights leaders. Remembrances are also held during Black History Month (February), and on the anniversary of King's April 4, 1968, assassination in Memphis, Tennessee.

Preservation

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Grave site

The Martin Luther King Jr. Historic District, an area bounded roughly by Irwin, Randolph, Edgewood, Jackson, and Auburn avenues, was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on May 2, 1974.[1][5] The district included Ebenezer Baptist Church, King's grave site and memorial, King's birthplace, shotgun row houses, Victorian houses, the Atlanta Baptist Preparatory Institute site, Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church, Fire Station No. 6, and the Triangle Building at the intersection of Old Wheat Street and Auburn Avenue.[5]

Much of the area was designated as a national historic landmark district on May 5, 1977.[2] The Trust for Public Land purchased 5 single-family homes along Auburn Avenue in the late 1970s, the same block Martin Luther King Jr. grew up on.[6][7] The Trust for Public Land purchased more than a dozen properties over the next 20 years to create a parking lot as well as a pedestrian greenway to link the King district to the Jimmy Carter Presidential Center.[6] In 2008, The Trust for Public Land acquired one of the remaining historic properties in the neighborhood, on the corner of Auburn Avenue.[6]

By U.S. Congressional legislation, the site with associated buildings and gardens was authorized as a national historic site on October 10, 1980; it is administered by the National Park Service (NPS).[8] A 22.4-acre (91,000 m2) area including 35 contributing properties was covered, including 22 previously included in the NRHP historic district.[8] The area covered in the NRHP designation was enlarged on June 12, 2001.[1] In 2018, it was redesignated as a national historical park, adding Prince Hall Masonic Temple to the protected area.[9]

Martin Luther King Jr.'s Birth Home

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King's boyhood home

The King Birth Home is located at 501 Auburn Avenue in the Sweet Auburn Historic District. Built in 1895, it sits about a block east of Ebenezer Baptist Church.[10] King's maternal grandparents, the Rev. Adam Daniel (A. D.) Williams, who was pastor of the Ebenezer Baptist Church, and his wife, Jennie Williams, bought the house for $3,500 in 1909. In 1926, when King's father married Alberta Williams, the couple moved into the house, where King Jr. was born in 1929.

The King family lived in the house until 1941.[11] It was then converted into a two-family dwelling. The Rev. A. D. Williams King, King Jr's brother, lived on the second floor in the 1950s and early 1960s.

The first level includes the front porch, parlor, study, dining room, kitchen, laundry, bedroom and a bathroom. The second level includes four bedrooms and a bathroom. The visitor center offers free tours of the house led by National Park Service rangers, but with limited availability.[12]

The King Center

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Main article: King Center for Nonviolent Social Change

In 1968, after King's death, Coretta Scott King founded the Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change (a.k.a. the King Center).[13] Since 1981, the center has been housed in a building that is part of the King complex located on Auburn Avenue adjacent to Ebenezer Baptist Church.[14]

The King Center in 2016, close to the Ebenezer Baptist Church, at the Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site.

In 1977, a memorial tomb was dedicated to King. His remains were moved to the tomb, on a plaza between the center and the church. King's gravesite and a reflecting pool are located next to Freedom Hall. After her death, Mrs. King was interred with her husband on February 7, 2006. An eternal flame is located nearby.

Freedom Hall at 449 Auburn Avenue features exhibits about Dr. and Mrs. King, Mahatma Gandhi and American activist Rosa Parks. It hosts special events and programs associated with civil rights and social justice. It contains a Grand Foyer, large theater/conference auditorium, bookstore and resource center, and various works of art from across the globe. The Grand Foyer features art from Africa and Georgia. The paneling lining the staircase is from the sapeli tree, which grows in Nigeria.

In 1990, Behold, a statue honoring Martin Luther King Jr., was dedicated near Ebenezer Baptist Church.[15]

As of 2006, the King Center is a privately owned inholding within the authorized boundaries of the park. The King family has debated among themselves as to whether they should sell it to the National Park Service to ensure preservation.[16]

Visitor center

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Courage to Lead exhibit at the visitor center

The visitor center at 449 Auburn Avenue[17] was built in 1996 and features the multimedia exhibit Courage To Lead, which follows the parallel paths of King and the civil rights movement. Visitors can also walk down a stylized "Freedom Road". The Children of Courage exhibit, geared towards children, tells the story of the children of the civil rights movement with a challenge to our youth today. Video programs are presented on a continuing basis and there is a staffed information desk.[18]

Gandhi Promenade

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The statue of Mohandas Gandhi was donated by the Indian Council for Cultural Relations, India, in collaboration with the National Federation of Indian American Associations and the Embassy of India to the United States. The inscribed bronze plaque reads:[19]

Nonviolence, to be a potent force, must begin with the mind. Nonviolence of the mere body without the cooperation of the mind is nonviolence of the weak of the cowardly, and has, therefore, no potency. It is a degrading performance. If we bear malice and hatred in our bosoms and pretend not to retaliate, it must recoil upon us and lead to our destruction.

— Gandhi

Tribute to the Mahatma Gandhi was inevitable. If humanity is to progress, Gandhi is inescapable. He lived, thought and acted, inspired by the vision of humanity evolving toward a world of peace and harmony. We may ignore him at our own risk.

— Martin Luther King Jr.

International Civil Rights Walk of Fame

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Main article: International Civil Rights Walk of Fame

The International Civil Rights Walk of Fame was created in 2004 and honors some of the participants in the Civil Rights Movement. The walk along the Promenade, includes footsteps, marked in granite and bronze. According to the National Park Service, the Walk of Fame was created to "pay homage to the "brave warriors" of justice who sacrificed and struggled to make equality a reality for all." The new addition to the area is expected to enhance the historic value of the area, enrich cultural heritage, and augment tourist attractions.

The Walk of Fame is the brainchild of Xernona Clayton, founder and executive producer of the renowned Trumpet Awards and a civil rights activist in her own right. Clayton said, "This is a lasting memorial to those whose contributions were testaments to the fact that human progress is neither automatic nor inevitable. This historic site will serve as a symbol of pride and a beacon of hope for all future generations. We are looking forward to building a monument to the civil struggle that depicts every step taken toward the goal of justice and the tireless exertions and passionate concern of these dedicated individuals."[20]

Prince Hall

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Main article: Prince Hall Masonic Temple (Atlanta, Georgia)

Located at 332 Auburn Avenue, the Prince Hall Masonic Temple is where the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) established its initial headquarters in 1957.[21] This historic and distinguished civil rights organization was co-founded by King, who also served as its first president. Owned by the Most Worshipful Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Georgia, the building was included within the authorized boundary of the park in 2018.

[edit]
  • The Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park honors the life of King
    The Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park honors the life of King
  • Shotgun houses on Auburn Ave. directly across from King's boyhood home
    Shotgun houses on Auburn Ave. directly across from King's boyhood home
  • Late 19th/Early 20th century homes on Auburn Ave. in the Martin Luther King Jr. Historic District
    Late 19th/Early 20th century homes on Auburn Ave. in the Martin Luther King Jr. Historic District
  • Nobel Peace Prize awarded to King in 1964
    Nobel Peace Prize awarded to King in 1964

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b c "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
  2. ^ a b "Martin Luther King Jr. Historic District". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on January 31, 2009. Retrieved June 21, 2008.
  3. ^ Hallerman, Tamar (January 9, 2018). "Trump signs bill upgrading Atlanta's MLK site". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on January 17, 2018. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  4. ^ Fortin, Jacey (January 25, 2019). "Martin Luther King Jr.'s Last Home Is Sold to the National Park Foundation (Published 2019)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  5. ^ a b Mendinghall, Joseph Scott (1974). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Martin Luther King Jr. Historic District (Landmark)" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved June 28, 2009. and Accompanying 11 photos, from 1965 and 1972–1974 (4.99 MB)
  6. ^ a b c "Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site". The Trust for Public Land. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
  7. ^ Benepe, Adrian (August 18, 2017). "Whose Parks, Which History? Why Monuments Have Become a National Flashpoint". Huffington Post. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
  8. ^ a b Robert W. Blythe; Maureen A. Carroll & Steven H. Moffson (October 15, 1993). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved June 28, 2009. and Accompanying 75 photos (16.9 MB)
  9. ^ "Trump signs bill to upgrade Martin Luther King's birthplace to national historic park". USA TODAY. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
  10. ^ "MLK Birth Home Virtual Tour". Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park. National Park Service. Retrieved June 20, 2021.
  11. ^ Cyriaque, Jeanne (December 1, 2006). "The Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site and Places that Commemorate His Legacy". Retrieved July 30, 2016.
  12. ^ "Fees & Passes". Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park. National Park Service. Retrieved June 20, 2021.
  13. ^ Gary L. Anderson, Kathryn G. Herr, Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice, SAGE Publications, USA, 2007, p. 804
  14. ^ "Future of King Center Up in the Air". Jacksonville Free Press. February 9–15, 2006. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
  15. ^ "Behold Monument". National Park Service. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
  16. ^ Lohr, Kathy (January 16, 2006). "King Family in Dispute Over Atlanta Center". NPR.org. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
  17. ^ "The Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change". Retrieved July 30, 2016.
  18. ^ "Visitor Center - Martin Luther King Jr National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)". Retrieved July 30, 2016.
  19. ^ "The Gandhi Promenade at the MLK National Historic Site". Retrieved July 30, 2016.
  20. ^ "International Civil Rights Walk of Fame Announces 2014 Inductees". The Birmingham Times. December 19, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  21. ^ "Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historical Park Act of 2017, Senate Committee Report" (PDF). Retrieved January 9, 2018.

References

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  • Coleman, Wim. Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site, Enslow Pub. Inc, (2005) - ISBN 0-7660-5225-7
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