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Bion of Smyrna

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Bion (Βίων /ˈbaɪɒn/) was an ancient Greek bucolic poet from Smyrna, probably active at the end of the second or beginning of the first century BC. He is named in the Suda as one of three canonical bucolic poets alongside Theocritus and Moschus. One long poem about Adonis and seventeen shorter fragments of his poetry survive.

Life

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According to the Suda Bion was from Phlossa, which is not otherwise known but may have been one of the villages which made up Smyrna.[1] Ancient sources do not record Bion's dates or any details about his life,[2] but he likely was active in the late second or early first century BC.[3] An epitaph to Bion says that he was poisoned and implies that he died young.[1]

Poetry

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Bion's longest surviving poem is a lament for Adonis, whose death is depicted in this painting by Peter Paul Rubens.

The Suda and the scholiast on the Palatine Anthology name Bion alongside Theocritus and Moschus as a bucolic poet; he also wrote erotic poetry.[2] His surviving work comprises the "Lament to Adonis" and seventeen shorter fragments. All his surviving poetry is composed in dactylic hexameter and in a Doric dialect, which is typical of ancient bucolic poetry.[4] The "Lament to Adonis" is 98 lines long; the other fragments are shorter, ranging from a single line to eighteen lines long,[2] and totalling around another 100 lines.[5] One of these fragments, about a bird hunter's attempt to hunt Eros, is probably a complete poem.[6] The remaining fragments seem to come from at least four further poems; no two fragments are certainly from the same poem.[7] The "Lament for Adonis" is influenced traditional Greek lament and specifically references Theocritus' "Lament for Daphnis".[8]

Bion's work continued to be read until the sixth century AD,[9] and was alluded to by ancient poets including Meleager of Gadara,[10] Ovid, Catullus,[11] and Nonnus.[12] The Greek novelists Achilles Tatius, Longus, and Heliodorus also reference Bion.[13] Pseudo-Moschus' "Epitaph for Bion" references Bion's works, particularly the "Lament for Adonis".[14]

Bion's longest poem, the "Lament to Adonis", is preserved on two medieval manuscripts.[15] It was transmitted anonymously, with one source attributing it to Theocritus.[2] It was first attributed to Bion by Joachim Camerarius in 1530,[16] and has generally been attributed to Bion since, based on the "Epitaph for Bion"'s apparent references and metrical similarities with Bion's fragments.[17][2] The first sixteen fragments were preserved by Johannes Stobaeus;[18] the seventeenth fragment was preserved by Orion of Thebes.[19]

Another poem, an epithalamium for Achilles and Deidameia, is also transmitted anonymously in the manuscript tradition but has been attributed to Bion; however there is no strong evidence for this attribution.[20][2][21]

References

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  1. ^ a b Reed 1997, p. 1.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Fantuzzi 2006.
  3. ^ Reed 1997, p. 2.
  4. ^ Reed 1997, p. 3.
  5. ^ Griffiths 2012.
  6. ^ Reed 1997, p. 11.
  7. ^ Reed 1997, p. 14.
  8. ^ Gramps 2021, p. 59.
  9. ^ Reed 1997, p. 57.
  10. ^ Reed 1997, p. 58.
  11. ^ Reed 1997, pp. 60–61.
  12. ^ Reed 1997, p. 62.
  13. ^ Reed 1997, p. 62, n.112.
  14. ^ Gramps 2021, p. 59, n. 80.
  15. ^ Reed 1997, p. 71.
  16. ^ Reed 1997, p. 15.
  17. ^ Holden 1974, p. 23.
  18. ^ Reed 1997, pp. 78–79.
  19. ^ Reed 1997, p. 81.
  20. ^ Reed 1997, p. 29.
  21. ^ Landfester 2011.

Works cited

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  • Fantuzzi, Marco (2006). "Bion [2]". Brill's New Pauly. doi:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e217640.
  • Gramps, Adrian (2021). The Fiction of Occasion in Hellenistic and Roman Poetry. de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110731606.
  • Griffiths, Alan H. (2012). "Bion [2]". Oxford Classical Dictionary.
  • Holden, Anthony (1974). Greek Pastoral Poetry: Theocritus, Bion, Moschus, the Pattern Poems. Penguin.
  • Landfester, Manfred (2011). "Bion of Smyrna". Brill's New Pauly Supplements I Online – Volume 2. doi:10.1163/2214-8647_bnps2_COM_0050.
  • Reed, J.D. (1997). Bion of Smyrna: The Fragments and the Adonis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-57316-5.

Further reading

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  • Fantuzzi, Marco (1985). Bionis Smyrnaei Adonidis Epitaphium. Liverpool: Francis Cairns.
  • Hopkinson, Neil (2015). Theocritus, Moschus, Bion. Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
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