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Carl Andre

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For the South African cricketer, see Carl André.

Carl Andre
Carl Andre
Born(1935-09-16)September 16, 1935
Quincy, Massachusetts, U.S.
DiedJanuary 24, 2024(2024-01-24) (aged 88)
New York City, U.S.
EducationPhillips Academy
Known forSculpture
Notable work
MovementMinimalism
Spouses
  • Barbara Brown
    ​
    (divorced)​
  • Rosemarie Castoro
    ​
    (divorced)​
  • ​
    ​
    (m. 1985; died 1985)​
  • ​
    (m. 1999)​

Carl Andre (September 16, 1935 – January 24, 2024) was an American minimalist artist recognized for his ordered linear and grid format sculptures. His sculptures range from large public artworks (such as Stone Field Sculpture, 1977, in Hartford, Connecticut,[1] and Lament for the Children, 1976,[2] in Long Island City, New York), to large interior works exhibited on the floor (such as 144 Magnesium Square, 1969[3]), to small intimate works (such as Satier: Zinc on Steel, 1989, and 7 Alnico Pole, 2011[4]).

In 1985 his third wife, contemporary artist Ana Mendieta, fell from their 34th-floor apartment window and died. Neighbors heard an argument and Mendieta shouting "no" immediately before the fall. He was acquitted of a second-degree murder charge in a 1988 bench trial, causing uproar among feminists in the art world; supporters of Mendieta have protested at his subsequent exhibitions.

Early life

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Andre was born on September 16, 1935, in Quincy, Massachusetts, the youngest of the three children of George (a master designer of freshwater plumbing for ships[5]) and Margaret (Johnson) Andre.[6] He completed primary and secondary schooling in the Quincy public school system and studied art at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, from 1951 to 1953.[7] While at Phillips Academy, he became friends with Hollis Frampton, who would later influence Andre's radical approach to sculpture through their conversations about art[8] and through introductions to other artists.[9]

Andre served in the U.S. Army in North Carolina from 1955 to 1956, and moved to New York City in 1956. While in New York, Frampton introduced Andre to Constantin Brâncuși, through whom Andre became re-acquainted with a former classmate from Phillips Academy, Frank Stella, in 1958. Andre shared studio space with Stella from 1958 through 1960.[9]

Work

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Early work

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Andre cited Brâncuși as an inspiration for his early wood sculptures,[10] but his conversations with Stella about space and form led him in a different direction. While sharing a studio with Stella, Andre developed a series of wooden "cut" sculptures[8] (such as Radial Arm Saw cut sculpture, 1959 and Maple Spindle Exercise, 1959). Stella is noted as having said to Andre (regarding hunks of wood removed from Andre's sculpture), "Carl, that's sculpture, too."[7]

From 1960 to 1964, Andre worked as a freight brakeman and conductor in New Jersey for the Pennsylvania Railroad. His experience with blue collar labor and the ordered nature of conducting freight trains would later influence Andre's sculpture and artistic personality. For example, it was not uncommon for Andre to dress in overalls and a blue work shirt, even to the most formal occasions."[7]

During this period, Andre focused mainly on writing, and there is little notable sculpture of his on record between 1960 and 1965. His poetry resurfaced later, most notably in a book published in 1980 by NYU Press called 12 Dialogues, in which Andre and Hollis Frampton took turns responding to one another at a typewriter using mainly poetry and free-form essay-like texts.[8] Andre's concrete poetry has been exhibited in the United States and Europe, a comprehensive collection of which is in the collection of the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam.[11]

Mature work

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Carl Andre, 144 Magnesium Square, 1969, 144 thin magnesium plates, each measuring 12 by 12 inches (300 by 300 mm), 144 in × 144 in (3,700 mm × 3,700 mm)
Sculpture 43 Roaring forty by Carl Andre at Kröller-Müller Museum, 1968, Netherlands
Carl Andre, Satier: Zinc on Steel, 1989, zinc and steel, in two parts, 0.44 in × 6 in × 11.44 in (11 mm × 152 mm × 291 mm)

In 1965, Andre had his first public exhibition of his work in the Shape and Structure show curated by Henry Geldzahler at the Tibor de Nagy Gallery.[12]

In the late 1960s, entrepreneur Karl Ströher from Darmstadt, Germany, acquired three major works from Andre to give them on loan to the Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt.[13] Peter Iden then acquired these works for the Museum für Moderne Kunst Frankfurt[14] in 1981.[15] The works have since been shown in various "Change of Scene"[16] exhibitions (1992–2002) at the museum in Frankfurt[17] and internationally.[18]

In 1969, Andre helped organize the Art Workers Coalition.[19]

In 1970, he had a solo exhibition at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum.[citation needed]

Equivalent VIII

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Main article: Equivalent VIII

In 1972, Britain's Tate Gallery acquired Andre's Equivalent VIII, an arrangement of 120 firebricks.

The piece was exhibited several times without incident, but became the center of controversy in 1976 after being featured in an article in The Sunday Times and later being defaced with blue food dye. The "Bricks controversy" became one of the most famous public debates in Britain about contemporary art.[20][21][22]

Lever

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Main article: Lever (1966)

Andre's Lever consists of a single line of 137 firebricks.[23] The work concisely divides a space as the bricks hug the floor.[24] The exhibition of Lever at the 1966 exhibition Primary Structures at the Jewish Museum in New York brought considerable recognition to Carl Andre.[25]

Criticism

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The gradual evolution of consensus about the meaning of Andre's art was compiled in the book About Carl Andre: Critical Texts Since 1965, published by Ridinghouse in 2008. The most significant essays and exhibition reviews were collated into this volume, including texts written by some of the most influential art historians and critics: Clement Greenberg, Donald Kuspit, Lucy R. Lippard, Robert C. Morgan, Barbara Rose and Roberta Smith.[citation needed]

Personal life

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Andre's first two marriages ended in divorce, and the third in the death of his wife (see below).[26] In 1999 he married artist Melissa Kretschmer.[27]

Andre died in Manhattan on January 24, 2024, at the age of 88.[6]

Death of Ana Mendieta

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Further information: Ana Mendieta § Death and controversy

In 1979 he met his third wife, artist Ana Mendieta, through a mutual friendship with artists Leon Golub and Nancy Spero at AIR Gallery in New York City.[7][27] Andre and Mendieta married in January 1985.[28] Mendieta fell to her death from Andre's 34th-story apartment window in September 1985, after an argument with Andre.[29] Their neighbors, a couple next door, are reported to have heard Mendieta scream "No" the same night, and Andre was also seen with multiple scratches on his face after that night.[30] Andre was quoted from a 9-1-1 call after her death to have said, "What happened was we had … my wife is an artist and I am an artist and we had a quarrel about the fact that I was more, eh, exposed to the public than she was and she went to the bedroom and I went after her and she went out of the window".[31] The same night Andre was charged with second-degree murder. He elected to be tried before a judge with no jury. In 1988, he was acquitted of all charges related to Mendieta's death.[29][32]

Museums that exhibit Andre's work have been met with outrage from Mendieta's supporters. The 2022 podcast Death of an Artist detailed a culture of secrecy around Mendieta's death and Andre's potential involvement.[33] In 2017, protestors attended the opening of his exhibition at The Geffen Contemporary at MOCA in Los Angeles, distributing postcards that read, "Carl Andre is at MOCA Geffen. ¿Dónde está Ana Mendieta?" ('Where is Ana Mendieta?').[34][35]

Artist books

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  • Quincy Book. Andover: Addison Gallery of American Art, 1973. Artist book by Carl Andre which features commissioned photographs of landscapes and monuments in his hometown of Quincy, Massachusetts. Quincy was originally printed in conjunction with Andre's 1973 solo show at Addison Gallery, and reprinted by Primary Information in 2014.[36]
  • America Drill: Red Cut, White Cut, Blue Cut. Brussels: Maîtres de Forme Contemporains/Michèle Didier, and Paula Cooper Gallery, 2003. Limited edition of 100 numbered, signed and stamped copies, 400 numbered copies and 100 artist's proofs.[37][better source needed]

References

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  1. ^ Hartford Advocate November 13, 1997 "Twenty Years After Stone Field Sculpture shook the Insurance City, Carl Andre Returns" by Patricia Rosoff [1]
  2. ^ "Lament for the Children by Carl Andre on artnet". artnet.com. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  3. ^ "144 Magnesium Square". Tate Etc. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
  4. ^ "Carl Andre". galeriacayon.com. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
  5. ^ Tomkins, Calvin (November 27, 2011). "The Materialist". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved February 7, 2024.
  6. ^ a b Kennedy, Randy (January 24, 2024). "Carl Andre, 88, Austerely Minimalist Sculptor, Is Dead". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 27, 2024.
  7. ^ a b c d Naked by the Window, by Robert Katz published 1990 by The Atlantic Monthly Free Press ISBN 0-87113-354-7
  8. ^ a b c 12 Dialogues, Carl Andre and Hollis Frampton 1962–1963 published by Nova Scotia College of Art and Design Press and New York University Press, edited by Benjamin HD Buchloh ISBN 0-8147-0579-0
  9. ^ a b Minimalism: Art and Polemics in the Sixties, edited by James Meyer, published 2004 by Yale University Press ISBN 0-300-10590-8, ISBN 978-0-300-10590-2
  10. ^ Rose, Barbara (July 15, 2014). "The Nature of Carl Andre". The Brooklyn Rail. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  11. ^ "Carl Andre". Stedelijk Museum. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  12. ^ "Oral history interview with Carl Andre, 1972 Sept". Research collections. Archives of American Art. 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
  13. ^ Lauter, Rolf (ed.): Das Museum für Moderne Kunst und die Sammlung Ströher: zur Geschichte einer Privatsammlung; [eine Ausstellung des Museums für Moderne Kunst Frankfurt vom 5.12.1994-8.1.1995 in der Galerie Jahrhunderthalle Hoechst]. Frankfurt: Societaetsverlag Frankfurt. 1994. ISBN 3-7973-0585-0.
  14. ^ Iden, Peter; Lauter, Rolf (ed.): Bilder für Frankfurt. Bestandskatalog des Museums für Moderne Kunst. München 1985. ISBN 978-3-7913-0702-2
  15. ^ "MMK Sammlung". MMK Museum für Moderne Kunst Frankfurt.
  16. ^ Bee, Andreas: Zehn Jahre Museum für Moderne Kunst Frankfurt am Main, Köln 2003, ISBN 3832156291
  17. ^ Lauter, Rolf : Carl Andre : extraneous roots, Museum für Moderne Kunst Frankfurt at Monastery of the Carmelites, Frankfurt 1991, ISBN 3882704616
  18. ^ Iden, Peter, Lauter, Rolf: Dalla pop art americana alla nuova figurazione : opere del Museo d'arte moderna di Francoforte, Padiglione d'arte contemporanea, Milan, 1987 ISBN 9788820207632
  19. ^ "Art Workers' Coalition". Oxford Reference: A Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
  20. ^ John Walker. (1999). "Carl Andre's 'pile of bricks'- Tate Gallery acquisition controversy – 1976". Art & outrage/artdesigncafe. Retrieved December 23, 2011.
  21. ^ "[ARCHIVED CONTENT] Archive Journeys: Tate History – People, The Public – Tate". Archived from the original on August 2, 2013.
  22. ^ Bricks!. August 17, 2017. BBC Four.
  23. ^ Belcove, Julie (January 25, 2013). "My work doesn't mean a damn thing". Financial Times. Archived from the original on December 10, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
  24. ^ "Carl Andre – Lever". gallery.ca. The National Gallery of Canada. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
  25. ^ Tompkins, Calvin (November 28, 2011). "The Materialist – Carl Andre's eminent obscurity". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on November 15, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
  26. ^ Smith, Harrison (February 10, 2024). "Carl Andre, austere sculptor and minimalist pioneer, dies at 88". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved March 7, 2024.
  27. ^ a b McNay, Michael (January 25, 2024). "Carl Andre obituary". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved March 7, 2024.
  28. ^ O'Hagan, Sean (September 21, 2013). "Ana Mendieta: death of an artist foretold in blood". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  29. ^ a b Sullivan, Ronald (February 12, 1988). "Greenwich Village Sculptor Acquitted of Pushing Wife to Her Death". The New York Times. Retrieved April 28, 2010.
  30. ^ "Ana Mendieta Art, Bio, Ideas". The Art Story. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  31. ^ Hoffman, Jan (August 7, 2020). "Rear Window: The Mystery of the Carl Andre Case". The Village Voice. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  32. ^ "The History of New York Scandals – Carl Andre's Murder Trial". New York. March 30, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
  33. ^ "Death of an Artist Podcast – Ana Mendieta Podcast". Pushkin Industries. Retrieved March 7, 2024.
  34. ^ "Actress Ellen Barkin Reveals She Was Assaulted by Carl Andre in the Late '70s". Hyperallergic. January 21, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
  35. ^ "Why protesters at MOCA's Carl Andre show won't let the art world forget about Ana Mendieta". Los Angeles Times. April 6, 2017. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  36. ^ "Carl Andre: Quincy". Printed Matter, Inc. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
  37. ^ "America Drill (numbered)". micheledidier.com. Retrieved May 22, 2019.

Further reading

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Wikiquote has quotations related to Carl Andre.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carl Andre.
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